Life as a Teenager in 2014 Essay

When I was younger, I always thought my parents knew everything and were never wrong. I believed that they never made mistakes, they were too old and wise. The same went for my teachers, older members of our extended family and just adults in general. I felt so safe, comforted by the fact that they knew and were in control, so I didn’t have to be. The older I became, the more I realized how faulty my ideas were. I never did become any wiser as I grew up; I had information and data that bombarded my brain and knowledge on how I must act to be socially accepted. I was told what I could do and what I mustn’t do. Perhaps I do know more about life and the world, but I don’t understand it; perhaps that is for the better. I remember when I first heard the song ‘Teenagers’ by My Chemical Romance, and I began to think about the meaning behind it. ‘They’re gonna clean up your looks†¨With all the lies in the books†¨To make a citizen out of you†¨Because they sleep with a gun†¨And keep an eye on you, son†¨So they can watch all the things you do Because the drugs never work†¨They’re gonna give you a smirk†¨Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Cause they’ve got methods of keeping you clean†¨They’re gonna rip up your heads†¨Your aspirations to shreds†¨Another cog in the murder machine They say that teenagers scare the living s*** out of me†¨They could care less as long as someone’ll bleed†¨So darken your clothes or strike a violent pose†¨Maybe they’ll leave you alone, but not me The boys and girls in the clique†¨The awful names that they stick†¨You’re never gonna fit in much, kid†¨But if you’re troubled and hurt†¨What you got under your shirt†¨We’ll make them pay for the things that they did’ The s ong did change my view on how teenagers are seen by society, but not in a way that I expected. I think that the singer, Gerard Way, is exploring how society wants to change teenagers to make them do as they are told and fit in and do well at school. However, the more they do this, the more teenagers rebel. In the chorus, Way expresses his fear of teenagers, of their tendency to perhaps be unpredictable and violent. ‘So darken your clothes or strike a violent pose Maybe they’ll leave you alone, but not me’ I  think he is trying to put forward the idea that society might ignore them or leave them alone if they act threatening and imposing, but as he is an adult, he is expected to stay in line and meet the expectations of society. I think it’s difficult being a teenager. People don’t seem to realize or might have even forgotten. I am at the age where I am too old to rely on others and make mistakes but not old enough to take control of my life and look after myself. This time in my life that makes up my teenage years is important, and I want to make the most of that but I find myself overwhelmed by set backs and a severe lack of control. There are so many aspects of my life the government wants to control. They want to cram so many exams and so much work into these few short years of our lives that we find ourselves snowed under it all. It seems that these years of our lives are the most important. They define us and decide what our future holds. The pressure is on: if you fail your science G.C.S.E then you won’t be able to take it for A level. If you can’t take it for A level, you won’t be able to study it at university, or get a PHD, or ever become a doctor. The government has decided that exams mean everything. An A and an A* could mean the difference between your dream job and being unhappy for the rest of your life, stuck with a boring job that perhaps pays decently, becoming miserable and dying a failure. It’s too much. This has to be the reason why we find that more and more teenagers each year are turning to drugs, self harm, eating disorders and depression. Why does everyone question the rise in the number of these cases? Is it not obvious? Iâ€℠¢m sure it also has something to with the rise of the internet and everything that we are being exposed to. Quite frankly, we can’t cope with it. It seems that no one understands but teenagers themselves. Of course, it’s all quite a cliche to say that no one understands teenagers, but it does seem to be true. I wouldn’t say that all teenagers can’t cope and I realize that some cope better than others, but I know that our system isn’t working. Not the corrupt government with its exams and heavy pressure on students, and the not the corrupted internet with its social networking sites and pornographic images that seem to be everywhere. The adverts that tell us what a perfect person looks like are crushing and I find them insulting. There is a silent reminder that lingers in the air telling us to be normal, a clone of everyone else and to fit in. Some people come to a point in their life when they decide that enough  is enough and they wear what they want and act how they like. I have a theory that people are like sling shots: the more they are pulled back and restrained, the further they go when they are let go. They get to a point where they cannot be pulled back any further. This is when people pierce and tattoo their bodies or wear socially unacceptable clothing to show the world that they are not going to be told what to do. There are also the quiet ones who starve themselves to be in control, take drugs to take away the pain or self harm to prove that the pain they are feeling is not just in their heads, its real and they can control it. There are even people who work themselves sick to be in control of their future. What I find interesting is that every generation is different: each has its own pressures that differ from the last. Not long ago, I would have been expected to get married not too soon from now and raise a family, possibly with a man I didn’t even love. Only recently has homosexuality become socially and legally acceptable. So before, teenagers would have had trouble fitting in, or would have had to pretend to be heterosexual. We as teenagers never really have been in control and with a personality like mine, that can be extremely overwhelming. It seems now we are finding our voice and are able to express ourselves. I can see that there are positive aspects about being a teenager in this day and age: some of us turn to positive hobbies to take our minds off the stress of exams. More and more teenagers are relying on their great passion in life and developing it to take their mind off their diffic ulties. This might be music, cooking, writing, designing, drawing or sport. I still remember the first time I played the drums and I’ve never looked back. They made me love music even more and I started playing the guitar as well. I wrote songs and started to sing. Music became my obsession and it is one aspect of my life that I can control. I can do it myself without having to listen to the people who tell me what I should be listening to, what I should be playing or what I should be writing. I do believe that if nothing is going to change, then we all need something to turn to in life that reminds us we can cope. I know that it wouldn’t work for everyone, but perhaps people who take drugs could start drawing or painting. Instead of people focussing on their body weight they could start to cook their own food and be in control of that instead. People who self harm could write down their feelings or express it through music, or even go out and run off  their sadness. I think people need to remind themselves what makes them happy and if nothing does then they should find something. I know nothing will change for some time, but in the meantime we need to find a way to make the most of our teenage years.

Nestle Contadina Pizza and Pasta Essay

Executive Summary Nestle Refrigerated Food Company, in 1990, had to decide about the launch of Contadina Pizza (a refrigerated pizza), and so that it could continue the building of the refrigerated food category started by it a few years ago. It had entered this category through the launch of Contadina Pasta and Sauces, and had achieved results that exceeded its expectations. Nestle Refrigerated Food Company would cut out serious and major competition, Kraft general food, who was to make a similar launch in about 6 months; by being the first mover in this competition. Marketer studies that consists of the forecast of estimated demand show that the launch is recommended and pizza with topping are preferred as compared to only pizza. Market studies also show that the basic business requirement of $45 million, factory dollar sales, can be met by a minimum of 7% market penetration. As per studies and since the Italian ethnic food market is fast developing, the opportunity looks great, but Nestle Refrigerated Food Company should be very careful as bad results could seriously hurt the Contadina Brand Name. The price of the offering should be adjusted to be at lower levels and heavy support from advertising should be carried. NESTLE REFRIDGERATED FOODS: CONTADINA PASTA & PIZZA (A) – GROUP 2 Q1) Using the BASES model described in Exhibit 9, forecast the estimated demand (trial and repeat) for the two Pizza options under consideration: Pizza and Topping and Pizza Only. Using the BASES Model, we forecast trial and repeat purchases. The BASES Model assumes that the sample size used and the analysis of in-house product usage represents the entire target market. It also assumes that the estimated market plan is similar to the actual launch plan. If there is any inconsistency in these assumptions, it can result in incorrect forecasting of the success of the product. The estimated advertising awareness and purchase intent figures are subjected to certain limitations and these involve risks with respect to the following: The product does not live up to the promised benefits Respondents like a concept but overstate preferences or do not buy the product due to the social desirability factor High trial cannot predict product success Limited diagnostic information cannot provide insight into complex structure or interests and attitudes Q2) What can one learn from Exhibits 13, 14, and 15? We can analyse from exhibit 13,14 & 15 , that kit has huge potential of attracting customer segment consuming frozen pizza and fresh pizza from supermarket , but Nestlà © should ensure use NESTLE REFRIDGERATED FOODS: CONTADINA PASTA & PIZZA (A) – GROUP 2 of high quality ingredients and avoidance of artificial ingredients or preservatives, as this is one of the most important reason that will catalyse the switch. Therefore, branding and advertising campaign should be built around awareness of masses about two main factors: ï‚ · ï‚ · High quality ingredients Zero preservatives and additives Significant switch in heavy pizza consumers wouldn’t be seen initially since: 1. They get a huge variety through take away and deliveries T 2. The brand loyalty to already existing chains like Pizza Hut, Dominos. In the long run, Nestlà © can gain momentum in this segment if they are able to diversify the kind of pizza they will serve in the kit both in terms of crust and toppings. Q3) How does the pizza concept test data (Exhibits 19, 20, and 21) compare to the pasta concept test data (Exhibit 6)? Exhibit 6 talks about the Pasta concept. Pasta in this case was an already existent product, which acquired by Nestlà © sought to reposition itself in the market and highlight its USP. The pasta market already had many competitors of its kind and in this case, Nestlà © had a â€Å"building† ready with them which had to be â€Å"knocked down†, its â€Å"foundation† used to create a completely new brand. The concept test data clearly even in terms of its parameters like creating uniqueness in the product, negligence of the pricing and more focus on improvement or change rather than formation, establishes this fact. Looking at Exhibits 19, 20 and 21 – the predominant focus on the pricing of the product, the features / characteristics of the pizza kit itself in terms of taste and delight propositions to the customer, comparison with alternatives (emphasis on ALTERNATIVES and not competitors, because none existed) clearly proves that Nestlà © was focusing on starting from scratch, creating a market by offering something that till then did not exist. Q4) What is your reading of Exhibits 23 and 24? (include Exhibit 18 if you wish) Exhibit 23 This exhibit talks about market research analysis conducted by Nestlà ©, with regard to its pizza and toppings, with the sample size of 186 people out of which 130 had a favourable intent to purchase the product and 56 were  against. In percentage the exhibit tells us about the number of people who had particular likes (â€Å"Favourable†) about particular features/ characteristics of the product. Talking about the â€Å"Suggested Improvements† section- these were the recommendations of the people in general (both favourable and non-favourable about areas of the product which the company might work on, comprising of every characteristic of importance to a customer – price ,taste, ingredients et al. The â€Å"Unfavourable† section talks about, again in percentage, of people criticizing a certain characteristic of the product, as being bad or demanding improvements/change. This analysis, in numbers, gives an insight into the features of the product that Nestlà © had got right and where the market demanded more. A favourable value of 130 out of 186 was encouraging but still much remained and this analysis gave precise areas into which Nestlà © could look for further customer satisfaction. NESTLE REFRIDGERATED FOODS: CONTADINA PASTA & PIZZA (A) – GROUP 2 This exhibit talks about the price that Nestlà © wanted to put forward in the market with the â€Å"consent† of the customers. Again a sample of 186 people who were chosen for the in home use test was taken and they were asked – what price they would pay for the product. If we take the sum of any one column of this exhibit, we achieve the total of 100, which tells that each customer could recommend one price and this data collected along with the recommendations from the exhibit 23 and primarily the cost involved in producing the product and the target profits were the deciding factors for the price of the product. Exhibit 18 Once again the sum of each column gives a value of 100, each individual value in terms of percentage. Respondents were asked whether they tried a  particular product from an array of eight choices (frozen pizza, home delivered pizza etc.) and then whether they retry the product. The two different columns tell us how customers shifted from one product to another, some products gaining a percentage at the expense of other product. Q5) In general, how would you compare the pizza opportunity to the pasta opportunity? What are the similarities? Differences? Extensive market research by Nestlà © inferred that the market for refrigerated pizza and toppings was very limited as compared to pasta. The success of renovation of an already established pasta brand in the market could not be taken as an example or a demonstration or anticipatory results for the pizza product in the market. As is preached by the most preliminary principles of marketing, the USP of both the pizza and the pasta products were the primary and decisive factors in their popularity and sales. Both with respect to the pasta and the pizza range, Nestlà © had the chance to create a market, establish new brands, position themselves as they wanted and a major first mover advantage. However, with the pizza range, they had virtually no foundation or base to work on and they were competing with alternatives for the products, not competitors. Market survey indicated that only 15% and 4% of people consumed frozen and homemade pizzas in contradiction to the 17% and 90% users of frozen and home-made pasta. Pastas did not have any issues with the pricing while 21% and 44% of respondents who were in favour of and not in favour of refrigerated pizzas respectively felt that pizzas were quite expensive. Nestlà © plan to give to the customers, not only a pizza of good quality, taste and a reasonable price but also the freedom to customize their pizza, something not offered by the restaurants and delis. Q6) Why was the pasta product so successful? With first year sales of $ 50 million going up to $ 100 million in 3 years, NRFC’s Contadina Pasta was a great success. The factors that contributed to the same are as follows: 1. Realizing the potential of the Italian Food Segment in the US market, Nestlà © decided to launch Contadina Fresh in the refrigerated foods category. Analysis brought forward the view that competitors would be following the same cycle and all the products would reach the market at the same place, due to which Nestlà © would not be able to  gain a significant first mover advantage. It therefore acquired an established regional player in the market- Lambert’s Pasta and Cheese, to help surpass its competitors and be the first to bring refrigerated pasta to the national market. 2. Having acquired a regional player that had developed a process to extend the shelf life of the product, Nestlà © was able to establish a highly efficient distribution system. Alongside this, the decision to establish a new manufacturing facility helped Nestlà © to achieve considerable efficiencies in costs. 3. Using brokers as sales agents instead of the traditional sales force was another factor attributing to the success of NRFC. A â€Å"larger share of sales time† was achieved due to these brokers who had NESTLE REFRIDGERATED FOODS: CONTADINA PASTA & PIZZA (A) – GROUP 2 significant experience in the sales of perishable/refrigerated products. It also helped in further cost reductions. 4. Establishing a brand name that communicated an image of traditional authentic Italian food which could be distinguished from the convenience products category was another advantage. This, combined with the packaging technology of Lambert helped Nestlà © in positioning itself in a particular market segment via the PASS technique. 5. A well marketed â€Å"component approach† allowed Nestlà © to achieve high quality over the product’s shelf life as flavour did not migrate between the components. It also helped in reducing the sticker shock among customers. Q7) How do you like Nestlà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s new product development process? For pasta? For pizza? The 7 steps of Nestlà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s new product development process starting from the concept creation to the final launch of the product are very comprehensive and look over almost every matter / issue concerning the development and launch of a new product. I would definitely say this is a very good process, not only in its capacity to cover each and every aspect  of a new product but also in its versatility of application to products in virtually any industry with small tweaks here and there, and also because of its practicality and the sheer common sense of involving the right people from the right departments at different stages of the process, whilst giving them the freedom to take a different path, if deemed appropriate, for any specific product. For Pasta, because of the already established Lambert’s Pasta and Cheeses, Nestlà © skipped out on the first 2 phases of Idea Generation and Refinement. The product development stage focused on R&D and changes required to increase the shelf life to 40 days and devise various innovative ways of testing the product. Further moving on, they carried out tests in the market, extensive market research, surveys, and in-home use tests to further work out how to improve their pasta line – effectively repositioning the pasta brand itself christened as Contadina Foods. For pizza, Nestlà © had to start from the scratch. There didn’t exist any such product in the market. The Idea generation phase resulted in the refrigerated pizza as a product extension to the preexisting Contadina product-line. The Idea refinement phase went ahead with two ideas about the refrigerated pizzas that can be introduced in the market. The product development phase resulted in elimination of one of the ideas due to feasibility issues. Though Market Research was conducted for both the ideas, Nestlà © had no option right now to move ahead with only one of the idea. Q8) Would you launch the pizza? Yes, launching of the pizza will be favourable for Nestlà © as they were already successful in the refrigerated Pasta market by acquiring the Contadina refrigerated foods, reducing the time to do Market research and thereby gaining the first mover advantage. This created a positive image of the refrigerated products of Nestlà © in the market. Moreover, this was a new offering in the market. Also as per Exhibit 13, out of 200 people 128 were heavy takeout users, 115 were favourable to the concept of Top two box and 129 had purchased frozen pizza in the past 12 months; moreover making frozen product is difficult as it has to be first thawed from its frozen state before it could be cooked, as against the refrigerated product which had to be just microwaved in most of the cases.

Response to 4 students assignment postings with 2 references each Coursework

Response to 4 students assignment postings with 2 references each - Coursework Example and the highlight of the discussion came when he stated clearly and in no uncertain terms, how the impact of an organizational change at the individual response stage holds so much power in contributing to other forms of impact such as the group response (Burke, 2011). The lesson that is drawn from the discussion therefore is for managers to appreciate the fact that to attain organizational success, the individual success of the human resource base must be taken into consideration (Farcao, 2003). This writer creates a peculiar picture about a typical organization, where he makes it clear that for an organization to expect to achieve unanimous backing for any intended organizational change is virtually not feasible (Frankfort-Nachmias and Nachmias, 2008). This is because the writer was able to outline how there were individual opponent, group opponents and organizational opponents for a single organization. To the manager therefore, what he ought to do is to bring the views of both supporters and opponents together and try to solve the dilemma that arises (Burke, 2011). The writer refused to make a real case of the impact of the organizational change at the individual, group and organizational levels. This therefore made the essay lack some sense of focus on the topic. Given the type of change that took place, it is expected that the writer would let the impact of the change that took place be felt (Robinson, 2009). This is because for every organizational change, there would be rapid impact at the individual, group and organizational levels (Frankfort-Nachmias and Nachmias, 2008). Robinson Hickman, G. (2009). Organizational change practices. In G. Robinson Hickman (Ed.),  Leading organizations: Perspectives for a new era (2nd ed.) (pp. 510-524). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE

Plagiarism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Plagiarism - Essay Example Plagiarism usually applies to specific texts that are print published, texts that are online, manuscripts, not forgetting the work of other writers. Thus, if plagiarism is present, either intentional or unintentional, it results to low or poor quality of the paper submitted either by a student or the author irrespective of their rank (Ali et al, 2011). Most students are aware of the consequences arising from actions that constitute plagiarism. For instance, if student copies information that is published into a newspaper and it does not attribute the source for the main purpose of claiming the information is his own, or even the act of turning another student’s constitute plagiarism. Moreover, plagiarism has a negative externalities on students in the form of low grades for students who plagiarize thereby diminishing the education credentials or grade for a student (Dee and Jacob, 2012). Plagiarism may lead to an institution or an individual being sued by the author who owns t he ideas plagiarized for breach of intellectual property law. In addition, university authorities should do well not to desist in attempting to dissuade students from plagiarism (Selwyn, 2008); moreover, good college experience for students lies in the synthesizing of the ideas gained in class and reproducing them in their own unique way while avoiding plagiarism. Quoting is one of the strategies used in avoiding plagiarism when referring to wordings that are factual or a statement that are hard to change without altering the intended meaning. When using this strategy it is advisable to write the authors’ exact words using quotation marks, and when quoting longer quotes it is advisable to put as in an indented paragraph and the source included either within the text of paper or on the footnote. An example of a quotation would be: â€Å"Adam Winkler who studies constitutional-law at the U.C.L.A was able to broadly demonstrate in his book Gunfight how fire arm possession has b een regulated in the United States of America† (Jill, 2012). In case of quoting longer sections the writer should use a block quote such as: Adam Winkler who studies constitutional-law at the U.C.L.A was able to broadly demonstrate in his book Gunfight how firearm possession has been regulated in the United States of America. Regulation of firearms has been done in Kentucky and Louisiana through having concealed weapons being passed in these cities. The rules were later implemented in the cities of Indiana in 1820, Virginia, Tennessee, Alabama and Ohio by end of 1859. The law was gradually adopted eventually spread to Texas Oklahoma and Florida. The governor of Texas explained that concealing a dangerous weapon is murdering an individual and therefore it is the duty of every one to respect a man who obeys the law (Jill, 2012). Paraphrasing is another strategy used in avoiding plagiarism which involves the putting someone else ideas in your own words at the same time ensuring t he words are not rearranged or replaced with few words. In addition, it entails reading, internalizing the ideas presented and then writing them in one’s own words, and eventually citing the source from which the text was read from since the idea was got from that specific source. It is important to note that when a student does not have sufficient time to conduct research essential to effectively complete their research paper they can cite that of another person who did the research, but acknowledge them by

Science Fiction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Science Fiction - Essay Example Currently, alien is stereotyped into â€Å"Martians† who exclusively steps down from Mars. However, it is a misconception of humans that aliens could arrive only from â€Å"Mars â€Å"as they can be any foreign body attempting to adapt on earth. Swanwick has given equal importance to human and aliens in â€Å"Slow Life† as both are the main participants in the story. The story initiates by explaining the travel of the new found life through the methane cloud, until it falls on the highlands into the hands of Lizzie: â€Å"It was however, falling towards the equatorial highlands, where mountains of ice rose a towering five hundred meters into the atmosphere† (p.162). On its travel towards the highland it is captured by Lizzie in a carry bag thinking it as a habitat of potential alien life form. In this story, a group of astronauts set out to explore the chances of finding life on Saturn’s moon called Titan. The story â€Å"Slow Life† is a 2002 science fiction which describes the experience of Lizzie O’Brian on Saturn’s Moon called Titan. She is one of the team members who visit Titan for the first time. She believes she is collecting a raindrop in a carry bag which has alien properties. When she lands on Titan as a part of NAFTAS space expedition, she attempts to study the orange atmosphere of the Titan and its icy landscape .Soon she realizes she can discover a habitat in the Titan for her rain droplet with alien properties which will be a breakthrough in the scientific world. The thrilling part of the story is the relaying of Lizzie’s voice on to the team members with the assistance of Voice Web. Lizzie is trying to find some material from Titan which can be combined with the raindrop to form an alien life form. She is stating about the nature of the alien as: â€Å"It will have to be slow life, Lizzie said thoughtfully, something vegetative, vaster than empires and more slow. It would

Interior design and its impact on future Research Paper

Interior design and its impact on future - Research Paper Example Implementing sustainable designs to projects is a relatively new concept to designers who live all around the world. However it is necessary. Sustainable design is no longer becoming just an option according to Hill. In fact, it is becoming a â€Å"standard† in designing both the exterior and the interior of buildings. The goal of every interior designer and every architect should be creating awareness among the people within their community (and possibly outside their community as well) that there is a need to push for a greener environment, even if the spaces to be built and designed would be used for commercial purposes. Not only would there be incredible decreases in the depletion of natural resources and financial decreases in the purchase of construction materials, there would also be decreases in the need for man power, as a greener environment within a building would call for less energy to be used up (Hill). According to Tseng (332), the â€Å"green building† i s something that is not just environment-friendly, but is also essential for causing the least number of problems with regards to the surrounding buildings and all the human beings who live or who work in the same area. This way, the designers and architects of a building project are able to fulfil their responsibility in providing something beneficial for the general public. Thus, interior designers have begun to make use of the resources that they have. There is less buying and more of making do with what is available. In this section, I shall relay the kinds of solutions that both architects and interior designers have undertaken to create ‘green environments.’ Previous years showed that most businesses had the view that if they incorporate anything in their business that is for helping the environment, then it would not be good for business. Profits would be

Easy Jet And The Recession Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Easy Jet And The Recession - Essay Example Data which are scattered are not information until and unless the observers have the accurate knowledge of the theories that needs to explain the relationships. Therefore according to Homans (1958) theory can be defined as â€Å"in its lowest form a classification, a set of pigeon holes, a filing cabinet in which fact can accumulate. Nothing is more lost than a loose fact† (Homans 1958, p. 5). The principles of management are the fundamental truth which explains the relationships between the different set of variables which usually constitute of dependent variable and independent variable. Mangers often apply the theories with the practical life and help to solve problems in the future and present which might occur in the organisation. Thus it can be said that there are mainly three major reasons as to why managers needs to know about the management theories are firstly the theories provides focus for understanding the experiences and relevance. Secondly, with the help of theo ries mangers are able to communicate and has the capacity to move into a more complex relationships. Thirdly, with the help of theories mangers can learn about the ongoing into the world (Olum, 2004, p. 1-11). Management theories accounts for and helps to interpret the rapidly changing environment in the organisations. This paper aims to deals with different types of management theories such as scientific theory, behavioural school, management science, system approach, contingent approach, and dynamic engagement approach (Thenmozhi, n.d). Another important aspect in an organisation is the culture and this can be well explained with the help of competing value approach. According to Quinn and Rohrbaugh (1983) it is the most conceptual model of culture. This model of competing value approach can be one of the four types that has been categorised, which constitute of clan, market, hierarchy and adhocracy. The clan culture based on the framework emphasise goal, participation and shared values and also a sense of family. Market culture tends to emphasis environmental interaction, competition, as well as customer orientation. Adhocracy usually emphasis creativity, entrepreneurships and also adaptability and hierarchy constitute of rules and regulations, lines of concerned authority and efficiency (Smart, 2010, p.389). Figure 1: Competing Value Framework (Source: Rainey, 2009, p.164) The competing value framework tends to work closely with the management theories. Most of the organisation tends to apply all the factors included in the competing framework. The four factors are equally important for the effective working of the organisation. The model helps a manger to understand the working conditions of the environment and finally match the culture with respect to the operational climate. 2.0 The Organisation Easy jet is one of the successful low cost airlines in Europe, established in the year 1995. It is based in London Luton airport and operates domestic and inter national services to about 400 routes in Europe and carries about 40 million passengers in a year. The airline industry and the travel agencies are competing with each other in order to build up a strong online

Discouse the way in which recent work in the area related to Essay

Discouse the way in which recent work in the area related to organisational theory have challenged or contributed to conventional understandings of the subject - Essay Example Similarly, Donaldson (1995) supported the general connotation that organizations are established and preserves in order to achieve specific intentions. This goal-oriented or active perspective regarding organization indicates that organizations are meeting places of individual efforts that are more or less synchronized to accomplish objectives that could not be otherwise achieved through solitary action. Nevertheless, aligning the notion of organization with the framework of goal pursuit is to some extent problematic, and there is a large collection of literature that deals with the model of an organizational goal and whether or not the construct carries great weight. For instance, several organizations have within them members or employees who either is not aware with the organization’s mission statement or if they have substantial knowledge of it, they do not essentially support it. An actual example is the goal of most publicly managed corporations in several developed nations which is profit maximization or the capitalization of shareholder value; this corporate objective is in stark contrast with the concerns of the many employees who are more focused on their job security and their comparative influence or prestige than they are about revenues. One instance is a contract manufacturer or employee who is not familiar with the components of corporate accounting and consume s more labour hours because of the common belief that the more hours of work the more income they will earn. However, the target of maximizing overtime was not an organizationally endorsed or even acknowledged goal. Furthermore, the objective of maximizing shareholder value does not produce much dedication or motivation among most organizational contributors (Pfeffer, 1997). On the other hand, Pfeffer and Salancik emphasized that â€Å"organizations are... a process of organizing support

Psychological makeup of a terrorist Essay Example for Free

Psychological makeup of a terrorist Essay The attack brought with it a number of repercussions. For instance, immediately after the attack, the nation’s economy went into a sudden plunge. This is because the stock exchange for the day was canceled by not only the NYSE but also NASDAQ (Morgan, 2009). Although the attack was meant to affect the US economy, it also affected nations such as such as those in Britain. For instance, after the attack, London Stock Exchange was also forced to close due to fear of similar attacks. The economic drop brought with it a number of consequences. For instance, there was a hike in the price of commodities such as gold as well as fuel and gas. Apart from the rise of commodity prices, the US also suffered a drop on its currency, which was quite devastating (Roberts, 2011). Similarly, after the incident, hundreds of flights were grounded not only in the US but globally, hence, this resulted to more financial losses for the nation. Psychological makeup of a terrorist                     According to Kershaw (2010), terrorists usually decide to commit such atrocities due to a number of factors that are normally exposed to them the moment they make up their minds to join terrorist organizations. First, terrorists are usually made to believe that they are in accordance with religion when they commit atrocities such as mass killings and suicide bombings. Additionally, terrorists also believe that when they become martyrs if they die with many people since to them it is honorable to die fighting infidels (Kershaw, 2010). It is because of such beliefs that drives most of the terrorists into committing killings as the ones witnessed in the US. What type of people become terrorists?                     Terrorism is quite dynamic; this is because there is usually no specific age, education level as well as religion that one needs to be so that he can qualify to become a terrorist (Hewitt, 2003). According to studies, it is because of the dynamic nature of terrorism that it is quite difficult to know exactly in what manner the terrorists will attack. The fact that terrorists can board a plane and take control of it is enough proof that most of them are well educated. This is because it is not possible for an illiterate person to operate a plane. According to studies, not all terrorists are of Islamic religion; this is because there are others who join terrorist organizations for quick fame (Hewitt, 2003). Conclusion                     Although terrorism has been around for a long time, the 9/11 attack on the US was the day that the world realized the extent that terrorism had evolved. This is because unlike in the past, terrorists of the current generation are so daring to the extent that they can go ahead and commit suicide just to get their opinion heard. One of the reasons why terrorists decide to commit such atrocities is because of their religious beliefs. According to terrorists’ beliefs, one becomes a martyr if he dies fighting infidels. References Bergen, P. (2006). â€Å"What Were the Causes of 9/11?† Prospect Magazine. Retrieved on 10 September 2014 from http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/features/whatwerethecausesof911 Hewitt, C. (2003). Understanding Terrorism in America: From the Klan to Al Qaeda. United Kingdom: Psychology Press Hoffman, B. (2013). Inside terrorism. New York: Columbia University Press. JREF. (2011). What Motivated the 9/11 Hijackers? Retrieved on 10 September 2014 from http://forums.randi.org/showthread.php?t=238563 Kershaw, S. (2010). â€Å"The Terrorist Mind: An Update.† The New York Times. Retrieved on 10 September 2014 from http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/10/weekinreview/10kershaw.html?pagewanted=all_r=0 Malisow, B., French, J. L. (2008). Terrorism. New York, NY: Chelsea House. Morgan, M. J.(2009). The impact of 9/11 on business and economics: The business of terror. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Roberts, B.W. (2011). Macroeconomic Impacts of the 9/11 Attack: Evidence from Real-Time Forecasting. Collingdale: DIANE Publishing Schmemann, S. (2010). â€Å"Hijacked Jets Destroy Twin Towers and Hit Pentagon.† The New York Times. Retrieved on 10 September 2014 from http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0911.html Source document

Current health and safety legislation Essay Example for Free

Current health and safety legislation Essay Ensure the area in or outdoors is free of any hazards or risks and is safe for CYP to work or play in safely. There should be adequate space for the number of people using it to move round comfortably and safely. Equipment should be stored safely storage should be labelled clearly. Furniture should be appropriate size for age of CYP using it. Lighting and noise should be taken into account and specific risks to individuals as in pregnancy, impaired sight or hearing, disabled, and CYP with special educational needs. We have a duty of care towards all the CYP in our care. The outdoor environment has some different needs like secure boundaries, being regularly inspected. The area should be checked for litter broken glass or animal droppings. Ensure any plants bushes or trees are safe no thorns or nettles and no poisonous or irritant leaves, berries, or flowers. Safety rules should be displayed and explained to the CYP also making sure they have a clear understanding of how to use any toys or equipment safely. Areas that include ponds, pools and sandpits etc should be covered when not in use. Be aware of lines of responsibility for checking the learning environment for risks and hazards. Your health and safety officer should answer any queries you have. There should be the correct ratio of adults to children with suitable training and safety clearance. In both these environments and off-site visits everyone should be aware of what to do in case of: emergencies, fire alarms, incidents, accidents or illness. Be aware of possible signs and indicators of child abuse: physical, emotional, sexual abuse, bullying and harassment , neglect and failure to thrive not based on illness. The signs could be: behavioural changes such as regression, withdrawal, excessive attention seeking, aggression and negative behaviour. Physical indicators such as unlikely bruising, burns, marks, genital irritation or damage, hunger , being dirty, lack of  health care. In school we have notices about certain children whom either have allergies, specific illnesses that require specialised medication or immediate contacting of emergency services, they have a picture of the child and detailed instructions of what to do in an emergency. All incidents and accidents no matter how minor are recorded in detail in our first aid book, anything more serious has to be recorded on special incident sheets along with any witness statements. We have regular fire drill practices. There are security locks on the main exits that can only be opened with a swipe card that only members of staff have. If someone should get through this system and are unknown to staff they will be challenged by any member of staff within the school and asked to leave. All the CYP’s are regularly reminded of stranger danger and what to do if they should be approached by a stranger. The gates are locked to the entrance of the school at starting and leaving times for the CYP’s to ensure there is no danger from cars or lorries driving on and off site. CYP are regularly reminded of hygiene issues like washing hands after using the toilet or at lunch times before eating their food, there are also posters to remind them on a daily basis too.

Strategies for Organizational Structure

Strategies for Organizational Structure 1.1 Organizational Structure Organizational Structure is the strategic manner by which organizations arrange (or rearrange) themselves (Galbraith, 1973). This is essentially important in determining how organizations plan on utilizing their resources , particularly their human resources. To do so efficiently, certain questions need to have precise answers such as the specific responsibilities of each individual within the organization, to whom exactly they report and most importantly the coordination process that is to be implemented to bring together all these people and processes simultaneously. Bearing in mind that any framework followed needs to be consistent with the organizations main objectives, a formal channel defining the lines of authority from top to bottom (i.e. Hierarchy of Authority) is established which identifies clearly who is responsible for which personnel and/or tasks (Perrow, 1986). Traditionally, the authority of decision-making has been a centralized process (i.e. directed to higher-level management), but with increasing challenges innovation in recent times, many organizations now encourage a decentralized decision making model which gives its members the authority to make decisions without the need to consult their superiors. This has the advantage of producing a real-time response to problems by people who are specialized in that process while at the same time giving employees certain autonomy which creates a sense of job satisfaction and motivation. However this could lead to the undermining of upper management if not tackled properly. There exist 2 primary dimensions to organizational structure: The Vertical Dimension relates to the hierarchy within a company by distinguishing the decision makers and people in charge. Such organizations are considered to have either a tall or a flat structure (See Fig.1 in Appendix A). It includes the Span of Control of these individuals, which refers to the number of people they are responsible for and in effect, those groups who report to a single manager (these differ in quantity based on the nature of the work, skill-sets available, organizational culture, management style and level of Formalization, i.e. documentation of processes, rules and regulations (Noshria, 1991). Due to the high number or levels found in a Tall Structure (can exceed twelve), managers tend to have a Narrow Span of Control; where only 5 or 6 people report to any single supervisor. The converse holds for Flat Structures which have a Wide Span of Control; where up to 10 to 12 people could be reporting to a single manager, depending on the tasks involved. In short, th e taller the structure, the more the Span of Control decreases. The Horizontal Dimension addresses the division and assignment of tasks and functions across various departments within the organization. Such organizations are considered to be either wide or narrow. The structure that an organization adopts for itself is contingent upon a number of considerations like its products and services, the sort of customer base it caters to, the business strategy it employs and the management of different departments processes. The most common organizational types can be classified as follows (Fontaine, 2007): The Functional Structure which is more in line with the Vertical Dimension is perhaps the most common structure in the business world due to its simplicity and ease. By this structure, organizations set up themselves into different departments with similar skill-sets, managed by someone who is an expert in that trade. (See Fig.2 in Appendix A) (Ouchi Dowling, 1974) The Divisional Structure is more concerned with utilizing people with similar abilities across the entire business, wherever the need may be. Thus such a structure lies within the Horizontal Dimension. Such divisions may be based on different product lines, consumer markets and even geographical markets. (See Fig.3 in Appendix A) The Matrix Structure is an incorporation of both Functional and Divisional Structures, although interestingly, it operates like neither. The foundation of this structure is still functional; however different projects would require the pooling of these human resources from the various departments to serve their purpose. The project managers borrow their staff who are then involved in the project from start to finish. This is sometimes a challenge as there is a limited number of staff in each department and each project would have its own specific needs. However it is the most efficient of all organizational structures. (See Fig.4 in Appendix A) (Davis Lawrence, 1977) The Horizontally Linked Structure is a relatively new concept whereby an organization groups its people along the value chain of activities and processes that produce, market, deliver, and service the firms offerings (Spector, 2007). (See Fig.5 in Appendix A) 1.2 Organizational Culture Culture is a complex yet powerful force present in any organization that encompasses its workers values, beliefs, attitudes, behavior and shared assumptions. It is the moral compass that guides individuals in their actions at an unconscious level in all aspects of its internal and external relationships. Organizational Culture can be identified by 4 basic types: (Cameron Quinn, 1999) (See Fig.6 in Appendix A) Collaborative (Clan) Culture: This sort of culture is characterized by its open and friendly environment where people genuinely invest a lot of themselves in the work they do. A family system is at play where managers play parental and/or mentor figures. There is a great deal of focus on group coordination consensus, and the organizations belief is that its greatest assets are its workers. Create (Adhocracy) Culture: Entrepreneur and Innovative skills are highly valued in this culture with focus on individual initiative and freedom. The organization thrives by being market leader by continually introducing new products or services , hence their stress upon risk-taking measures and experimentation as a unifying quality. Long-term strategies focus on growth and acquiring new resources. Control (Hierarchy) Culture: Behavior is governed by a strict set of rules and policies in this setting. Formal structures intend on maintaining dependency and low cost of their product with workers being commended on their performance, efficiency and consistency. Leaders are required to be efficiency-conscious with ultimate goals of security and predictability. Compete (Market) Culture: This culture is perhaps the most cut-throat of all with worker competitiveness and goal oriented. Leaders need to be demanding, active and most importantly productive with the common unifying goal of success. The organization is in a constant battle to increase market share and penetration by providing competitive pricing and holding the position of market leader. Long-term focus is on achieving measurable goals and targets, and building a strong reputation. It is important to understand that no one culture is better than the other. Each culture plays a critical role in an organizations success so long as it is in sync with the organizations goals. Recent studies conducted have shown that even within a single organization, there may exist multiple cultures (sub-cultures) besides the dominating one which once again should not be construed as a negative element. In fact many scholars believe the existence of sub-cultures to be a source of healthy competition and the driving force behind innovation within the industry. The understanding of organizational cultures is equally important for managers and owners not only to be aware of their employees needs but also in designing a workplace that complements such a culture. 1.3 Effects on Business The relationship between Organizational Structure and Culture is one that is not clearly distinguishable. In general, the structure is designed to exist within a particular culture , in effect, aiding the culture to run with the consistency and efficiency that would be the sign of a successful system. Thus, organizational structure is primarily concerned with the setup of the culture. Traditionally, certain cultures have been associated with certain structures and each of these setups have their benefits and disadvantages. Functional Structure + Control Culture: Since centralized decision making is prevalent here, top-management is in control of most aspects of the business. This could be beneficial if the management is highly skilled and there isnt as much competence on the lower levels of the business but could be equally disastrous if such skills are in short supply in management. As a bonus, employees have the opportunity to learn a great deal from their seniors which could help in their career paths to take on decision making positions. Since this setup fosters stability and efficiency, there is better collaboration with similar processes per group while making use of the economies of scale. The biggest disadvantage here is of lack of communication not only between the different levels of the hierarchy but also between the different departments , leading to serious conflicts. This in turn affects each individuals priority on goals which tend to be more department-focused than that of the organizat ion as a whole. Customers are usually also affected by such systems where they are passed on from department to department regarding issues they might have. Divisional Structure + Create Culture: Since the structure is one which brings together different departments and the culture one in which individuals are encouraged to think innovatively, the result is a well-functioning unit with greater opportunities to learn about the different aspects of the business. In addition to better response time to customers issues due to greater accountability, the wider span of control helps in developing managerial and executive skills. The disadvantage here is of a great deal of duplication of tasks because of the different units with all departments in it performing the same function. This also spells out a reduction in specialization as well as a great deal of in-house competition between the different divisions of the business. Matrix Structure + Compete Culture: The efficiency of this model is extremely high due to the continuous utilization of highly skilled personnel from different departments on different projects. Since these sorts of projects depend on a vast amount of technical knowledge, individuals often have the authority to make critical decisions which also exposes others to a great amount of learning potential, even in scopes of fields beyond their own. Also departmental conflict is reduced due to the regular re-shuffling between projects , rather the competition is between different teams. Unfortunately it is because of these same hasty groupings that employees can tend to get frustrated and confused about their new functions and who they now report to. Also a great deal of time is wasted in meetings to decide on the allocation of these valuable human resources. The above examples were just a few of many forms of different structures and cultures combined. It is important to note that for the specific needs of a particular business, some forms of combination of any 2 factors could serve them better than if the same set-up were used elsewhere. Numerous factors need to be taken into consideration before a decision is reached on which option is to be implemented , and it may also require the trial-testing of the different combinations practically before anything conclusive can be said in that regard. 1.4 Individual Behavior The term Organizational Behavior actually relates to the collective dominant behaviors of individuals within an organization. As such positive individual behavior would have the potential to do the following in an organization (See Fig.7 in Appendix A). The factors which distinguish a happy satisfied employee from a disgruntled unmotivated employee are highlighted in the MARS Model of Individual Behavior (McShane Von Glinow, 2008) which identifies 4 elements effecting employee performance; Motivation, Ability, Role Perception and Situational Forces (See Fig.8 in Appendix A) Motivation is the set of internal influences behind an employees voluntary actions. In the workplace Maslows hierarchy of needs describe the fundamentals that serve such actions (Maslow, 1954): Level 1 Physical: the need for air, water, food exercise, rest, freedom from diseases disabilities Level 2 Security: the need for job security, safe working conditions and overall stability Level 3 Social: the need for being loved, a sense of belonging, inclusion and workplace camaraderie Level 4 Esteem: the need for recognition, prestige and promotion Level 5 Self-Actualization: The need for autonomy, development and creativity An employees Ability are the natural aptitudes and learned capabilities that are required to successfully complete a task. This requires proper analysis of a persons core competencies and then matching them with the appropriate job. Role Perceptions refer to the beliefs held about what behavior is required to achieve the end results which include an understanding of what tasks need to be performed, their relative importance and preferred behaviors to accomplish them. Situational Factors encompass the environmental conditionals beyond an individuals short-term control that constrain or facilitate behaviors such as time, people, budget and work facilities. Types of Behavior in Organizations A significantly important aspect influencing organizational behavior is a persons Personality. Personality can be described as a set of feelings and behaviors that have been significantly formed by genetic and environmental factors and that explain a persons behavioral tendencies. Some major forces influencing personality include cultural and hereditary forces, family relationships and social class. These factors along with others, contribute towards the 5 big personality dimensions: Openness to Experience : Sensitive, Flexible Conscientiousness : Careful, Dependable Extroversion : Outgoing, Talkative Agreeableness : Courteous, Caring Neuroticism : Anxious, Hostile The importance of the study of different behavioral patterns is essential in unleashing the potential of any organization by unleashing the potential of all individuals who work therein. The Locus of Control determines the degree towards which individuals believe their behaviors influence what happens to them. Whereas Internals believe in their efforts and abilities Externals believe events are mainly due to external causes. It is the presence of such personalities spread throughout an organization which deems necessary appropriate maneuvers to maintain positive behavior in as many of its employees as possible. In addition to the benefits already discussed brought about by such behavior to organizations, an equally important aspect is that of self-efficacy and motivation. The ability to adapt ones behavior to a given situation is not only an important learning tool but a vital quality to have in your possession in order to cope with the different cultures that now exist within organi zations, while retaining ones unique identity. Furthermore the visualization of reactions to constraints posed to oneself might give them a clearer idea of the reactions of others to the same situation and possible tactics to handle it better. 1.5 Organizational Theory Organizational theories can be broadly classified as follows: Classical Organizational Theory deals with formal organization and its concepts to improve upon management efficiency. i) Taylors Scientific Management Approach (1947): This approach focused on achieving efficiency, standardization, specialization and simplification brought about by the planning of work. It also stressed on mutual respect between management workers to increase productivity by implementing measures to reduce physical emotional stress of workers, providing them with appropriate training to develop their capabilities and by eliminating the traditional boss concept. Taylor suggested 4 principles of scientific management for improved productivity: An employees work should be tackled in a scientific methodology, rather than by a rule-of-thumb. Hiring of members should be based on some analysis who are then trained, taught and developed. Management should apply a policy of cooperation rather than conflict with labors to achieve goals. Training of workers be carried out by experts using scientific methods. ii) Webers Bureaucratic Approach (1947): This approach took into consideration the organization as a segment of broader society, but was criticized for its rigidness, impersonality, unfeasible to bigger objectives and lack of initiative to improve status (Hicks and Gullett, 1975). The basis of the approach was on the following principles: Existence of hierarchy system with clear amounts of responsibility and authority defined for each position. Rules and Regulations should govern the behavior of organizations to maintain predictability and stability. Hiring and selection of employees should be impartial. Designations and not people should be delegated responsibility and authority to maintain democracy. iii) Fayols Administrative Theory (1949): This theory relates to the accomplishment of tasks and touches on management principles functions and concepts of line, staff committees. Productivity of technical and managerial work can be improved by dividing and/or specialization of the work. Authority and due responsibility are essential in achieving organizational objectives. Being answerable to and taking orders from a single supervisor would be most efficient in unity of command. All members of the organization should have a common goal to provide them with direction. Organizations interests should be given priority over individual and/or group interests. Measures to retain employees by several methods (e.g. time incentives, bonuses, profit-sharing, etc.) Management should utilize a blended system of both centralized decentralized decision making. Members on the same level of hierarchy should work together to accomplish work (Scalar chain). The organization should try to establish equity, fairness and justice. Employees should be given time to settle into their work and be assured of the security of their jobs. Members should be encouraged to show initiative. Measures to strengthen unity and allegiance should be practiced which would yield better performance. Concept of line and staff holds equally as important in organizations as anywhere else. Members from different departments at same hierarchal level can form committees around common goals. Functions of management include planning, organizing, training, commanding and coordinating functions (Fayol, 1949) as well as staffing, directing, reporting and budgeting (Gulick Urwick, 1937). Neoclassical Theory shed light upon the importance of individual group behavior and good social relations between all hierarchal levels to improve productivity as a result of high-morale brought about by such measures (Roethlisberger and Dickson, 1943). The neoclassical approach was based on the following principles: All members of an organization should be treated with the respect that a human deserves rather than be classified as a tool and as such requires fulfillment beyond economic and security factors. The approach highlighted informal groups at work within the formal organization and its importance. Workers should be allowed opportunities in decision making processes that would allow for a new and more effective form of management besides increasing productivity. Modern Theories define an organization as a designed and structured process in which individuals interact for objectives (Hicks and Gullet, 1975). The theories can be broadly classified as follows: i) The Systems Approach: This takes on the view that organizations are composed of systems and sub-systems which are mutually dependent on each other and may be composed of some components, functions and processes (Albrecht, 1983). So the organization has 3 basic elements (Bakke, 1959): 1. Components; that include the individual, formal and informal organization, patterns of behavior emerging from role demands of the organization, role comprehension of the individual, and the physical environment in which individuals work. 2. Linking processes; like communication, balance and decision making between the different components to operate in an organized and correlated manner. 3. Organizational Goals; like growth, stability and interaction between all members of the organization. ii) Socio-Technical Approach: This considers an equilibrium between people (the social system), techniques knowledge (the technical system) and consumers (the external environment) to be of great significance in determining the organizations effectiveness (Pasmore, 1988). iii) The Contingency or Situational Approach: The situational approach takes into account that as organizations are highly dependent of their external environments, there can be no universal guideline suited for all situations (Selznick, 1949; Burns and Stalker, 1961; Woodward, 1965; Lawrence and Lorsch, 1967). The contingency approach suggests that social, legal, political, technical and economic factors need to be taken into consideration before determining an organizations relations to different environments (Hellriegel and Slocum, 1973).

How Christian Faith-Based Organizations Can Help Homeless Shelters :: Soup Kitchens Spirituality Food Pantries Essays

How Christian Faith-Based Organizations Can Help Homeless Shelters Abstract Spirituality affirms the essential self-worth, dignity and core health of a person’s well being; therefore, homeless shelters should incorporate spirituality, in order to benefit a person in the long term compared to the satisfaction of an immediate need. â€Å"Our national epidemic of intolerance for poor and homeless people is the consequence of America’s lack of spirituality, coupled with America’s love of materialism and society’s expense (3, martin).† The number one book sold for over a decade, seizing to be a fad or a trend has been the Bible. In a study of New York prisoners, studies found that those who participated in a Prison Fellowship Bible Study were rearrested drastically less compared to the amount of prisoners those whom did not. Of those who took part in the Bible study, 14 percent were rearrested within one year, compared to those who choose to not participate was 41 percent. In a similar case, at a Texas prison, out of 80 prisoners who took part in the Prison Fellowship, a whopping five percent are back in prison. In a Public Health Service, which is strongly Christian oriented, done of Teen Challenge’s Drug treatment program, by a Northwestern University doctoral student, it was found that it was more effective with the participants than that of its counterparts. With these examples, it becomes credible that with faith-based programs long term results are received, which further exemplifies my position u pon the integration of Christian faith into the homeless shelter environment. While researching this issue, I came across President Bush’s Faith-Based Initiative. Bush wants federal funding to flow to religious organizations without pointless restrictions. In doing this, there will be departments created to tend to housing, urban development, labor, health and human services. In establishment of these positions, bush will oversea them as they work closely to fund the faith-based services. On a CNN interview with Eileen O’Connor (whom represented Bush) she stated, â€Å"They (faith-based services) have an effectiveness rate. In some cases, it is proven by studies that they can be more effective as with recidivism in drug treatment programs. President Bush says that if they are effective, why not turn them.† Many critics have argued Bush’s stance in saying that it crosses the line drawn between church and state. O’Connell argued, â€Å"He (Bush) has appointed men of different faiths to head these programs up.

PMS: How Much Do We Really Know? Essay -- Biology Essays Research Pape

PMS: How Much Do We Really Know? "Basically, PMS has been piecemealed. It's like the story of the five blind men and the elephant. One checked the trunk, another the leg and so on, but nobody has the full picture." --Dr. Susan Thys-Jacobs (1). The Controversy There has been much controversy over the biological factors involved in the mood disorders and discomfort felt by countless women before the onset of menses. The common term for this discomfort is pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS). PMS is a disorder involving hormonal changes that trigger disruptive symptoms up to two weeks prior to menstruation. While for many women the symptoms are not severe enough to require treatment, 12 % (5 out of 40 million) are medically treated for their symptoms (2).While many scientists have supported the existence of PMS, the exact causes and treatments have created some controversy. It is not clear how much of the presence of PMS is due to physiological factors (such as hormones) and how much is due to psychological and societal factors. What role exactly has society played in the perception of symptoms? In what capacity is the I-function involved? The Symptoms PMS affects approximately 8 out of 10 women. Since the 1930s, the grouping of symptoms has remained fairly consistent. An American neurologist originally described these characteristics in 1931. The symptoms are grouped as follows: "A- Anxiety: irritable, crying without reason, verbally and sometimes physically abuse, feeling "out of control", or Dr. Jekyl-Mr. Hyde behavior changes. D- Depression: confused, clumsy, forgetful, withdrawn, fearful, paranoid, suicidal thoughts and rarely suicidal actions. C- Cravings: food cravings, usually for sweets or chocolate; dia... ...ssociated with PMS, as well as the exact nature of hormones, emotions, and other psychophysiological factors. WWW Sources 1) PMS and PMDD Cause Serious Suffering http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/doctor/lhdoc094.htm 2) Medical Treatment of PMS http://www.usdoctor.com/pms.htm 3) The Health Report-PMS http://www.abc.net.au/rn/talks/8.30/helthrpt/stories/s11123.htm 4) What is EEG Biofeedback? http://www.eegspectrum.com/articles/faq.htm 5) EEG Biofeedback Training for PMS http://www.eegspectrum.com/articles/pms94.htm 6) PMS, EEG, and Photic Stimulation http://www.snr-jnt.org/journalnt/jnt(2-2)2.html 7) The Many Faces of PMS http://www.bairpms.com/ Additional Sources 8) Slade, P. (1984) Premenstrual emotional changes in normal women: Fact or fiction? Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 28. 1-7. 9) Ruble, Science Vol. 197

Mechatronics Basic Pneumatics History Of Compressed Air Engineering Essay

Pneumatic devices are assorted tools and instruments that generate and utilize compressed air. The construct behind pneumatic tools has its beginnings in ancient times, but it was non until the last 500 old ages that it genuinely came to fruition.BeginningsThe first compressors were likely bellows like devices developed sometime prior to 3000 B.C. They were used to supply little whiffs of air to assistance in fire starting. These evolved into larger, but non significantly more sophisticated, units used in basic metal smelting about 1500 B.C. The manus bellows used by early smelters and blacksmiths for working Fe and metals was a simple type of air compressor and the first pneumatic tool. Grecian mathematician Hero of Alexandria ( c. 10 to 70 AD ) is reputed to hold thought of the field that gave birth to pneumatic tools ( pneumatics ) in the first century A.D. There is grounds of some of his innovations powered by steam and air current.Air Pump/CompressorGerman physicist and applied scientist Otto von Guericke ( 1602 to 1686 ) is credited with holding invented the air pump or compressor in 1650. The device sucked out air or gas from whatever vas it was attached to. He experimented with Cu enclosures called hemispheres, showing that he could utilize the pump to draw apart the two halves. It could bring forth a partial vacuity and Guericke used it to analyze the phenomenon of vacuity and the function of air in burning and respiration. Two centuries after Guericke, pneumatic tools were developing beyond being mere exciting wonders ; they were now going practical. Development of pneumatics remained comparatively inactive until late in the eighteenth century when mechanical compressors achieved the capableness of bring forthing force per unit areas every bit high as 15 pounds per square inch. It was non until the 1800 ‘s that compressed air was earnestly considered as an industrial energy transportation medium. Once compressed air was commercially available, pneumatic devices were everyplace. The tight air was used to power little air-powered electrical generators in eating houses, infirmaries, and theatres. Engineers of the clip proclaimed tight air was the hereafter in energy transmittal and another emerging engineering, electricity, had far excessively many proficient defects to of all time be successful. During the late 1800 ‘s, the usage of tight air and electricity expanded and each found its topographic point ; electricity being the most convenient signifier for large-scale energy transmittal and pneumatics for specific industrial applications including power and procedure service and control maps. In 1829, the first phase or compound air compressor was patented. A compound air compressor compresses air in consecutive cylinders. By 1872, compressor efficiency was improved by holding the cylinders cooled by H2O jets, which led to the innovation of water-jacketed cylinders. Pneumaticss in the nineteenth century was dominated by the pneumatic tubing, which was popularized by people in Victorian England utilizing grapevines to convey wires from one telegraph station to another. Besides, John Wanamaker ( 1838 to 1922 ) , an American merchandiser, introduced tube systems to the United States Post Office ( when he was postmaster general ) and section shops for transit of mail points and money, severally.Pneumatic Tubes:The best known pneumatic device is of class the pneumatic tubing. A pneumatic tubing is a method of transporting objects utilizing tight air. In the yesteryear, pneumatic tubings were frequently used in big office edifices to transport messages and objects from office to office. The first documented echt pneumatic tubing in the United States is officially listed in a 1940 patent issued to Samuel Clegg and Jacob Selvan. This was a vehicle with wheels, on a path, positioned within a tubing. The most luxuriant application of pneumatic tubings, nevertheless, was when Alfred Beach ( 1826 to 1896 ) built a pneumatic train metro in New York City based on his 1865 patent. The metro ran briefly in 1870 for one block West of City Hall. It was America ‘s first metro. Alfred Beach practically invented the pneumatic metro line by showing that a pipe was able to transport riders. The Beach tunnel was constructed in merely 58 yearss, get downing under Warren Street and Broadway, straight across from City Hall. The station was under the south pavement of Warren Street merely west of the Broadway corner. The individual path tunnel ran east into Broadway, curved south, and ran down the center of Broadway to Murray Street, a distance of one block, about 300 pess in all. The metro opened to the populace on February 26, 1870. Operated as a presentation from 1870 to 1873, the short tunnel had merely the one station and train auto. hypertext transfer protocol: //t3.gstatic.com/images? q=tbn: U-mntn_iJyitlM: hypertext transfer protocol: //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Beach_Pneumatic_Transit_01.jpgbeach-map Tunnel portal Tunnel schematic The â€Å" hard currency bearer † innovation sent money in small tubes travelling by air compaction from location to location in section shop so that alteration could be made. The first mechanical bearers used for shop service was patented ( # 165,473 ) by D. Brown on July 13, 1875. However, it was non until 1882 when an discoverer called Martin patented betterments in the system that the innovation became widespread. Martin ‘s patents were numbered 255,525 issued March 28, 1882, 276,441 issued April 24, 1883, and 284,456 issued on September 4, 1883. The Chicago postal pneumatic tubing service began between the station office and the Winslow rail route station on August 24, 1904. The service used stat mis of tubing rented from the Chicago Pneumatic Tube Company. Samuel Ingersoll invented the pneumatic drill in 1871. Charles Brady King of Detroit invented the pneumatic cock in 1890, and patented on January 28, 1894. Charles King exhibited two of his innovations at the 1893 Worlds Columbia Exposition ; a pneumatic cock for concentrating and calking and a steel brake beam for railway route autos. During the twentieth century, usage of tight air and of compressed-air devices increased. Jet engines use centrifugal and axial-flow compressors. Automatic machinery, labor-saving devices, and automatic-control systems all use pneumatics. Mass production on assembly lines as a standard industrial procedure increased the demand and application possibilities of tight air. Today, the list of industrial applications is really long.We use tight air for:Air Brakesair-blockAir Cylindersair-cylinders-for-pneumatic-system-tsc — tsu-73Air Motorsindustrial_air_motors_1Buffetingcp869p_1ChipingPneumatic-Chipping-HammerReamingMULTISPINDLE BARREL REAMING MACHINEreamer_offScrew Drivinghypertext transfer protocol: //www.pneumatictoolsonline.com/images/Screwdrivers/Screwdrivers-All-Models.jpgConveyingPneumatic-Conveying-SystemDrilling1142360549631_0306_spotlightproducts_18Promoting133073_062020076883_ExhibitPicFormingpaper-plate-machineCrunching41gFbya-SNLConcentratingpneumatic_riveting_toolTransferingiz2201Hoisting2854_1Blendingrx2k_daPaint SprayingDP6316-asturo-spray-gunPile Drivingpneumatic-pile-driverSuperchargingLow_boost_ideal_interceptProcedure ControlpneumaticStaplingCLX050108_028_1_2-de Blowguns – Using their lungs, early huntsmans could develop 1 to 3 pounds per square inchs with a capacity of about 6000 copper. in/min. Pneumatic stone drills – Early on in the nineteenth century, compressors had been developed which were capable of bring forthing 90 pounds per square inch. A tunnel undertaking was begun in Mt. Cenis, in the Alps, which was estimated to take 30 old ages to finish utilizing manual boring methods to cover 8 A? stat mis. Using pneumatic stone drills, runing from over 4 stat mis of air lines, the tunnel was successfully completed in 14 old ages. It was unfastened to traffic in 1871. This successful application attracted international involvement taking many metropolis authoritiess to speak of edifice cardinal compressor Stationss for citywide power. Compressed air used in Paris – Paris, the metropolis of visible radiations, was really the City of Air. In 1888, Paris installed a 65 HP compressor feeding 4 stat mis of brinies with 30 stat mis of subdivisions ( a converted cloaca system ) , presenting 90 pounds per square inch. By 1891, the capacity was increased to 25,000 HP Compressed air has been applied to command circuitry, dental drills, surgery, and many other industrial procedures necessitating high forces or impact blows. Light weight, lasting and safe pneumatic tools such as pneumatic stapling machines and pneumatically powered impact twists are common.Pneumatic constituentsThere are a broad assortment of pneumatic constituents available today.TubingTubing today comes in a broad assortment of sizes and can be made to the consumer ‘s demands. Air-TubeValvesvalves_1cActuatorspneumatic_automation-lAdvantagesComponents have long on the job life ensuing in thirster system dependability. Safe to utilize Merely Semi-skilled work force required for operation and care Best for usage in inflammable country. Far less traveling parts inside, therefore lower care demand. Light in weight, yet sturdy in design. Cheaper & A ; lower engineering options for control of velocity. Even sing investings on compressor, the pneumatic actuators are far more cost effectual in footings of cost of ownership and return on investing. If there is a power cut, pneumatic equipment will still work until the stored air in the compressor has been depleted. As there are no fluids involved they can be used in a cleanroom environment. Because air systems operate at comparatively low force per unit area, the constituents can be made of comparatively cheap stuffs.DisadvantagesCompressors and uninterrupted compaction can be expensive. Air intervention is required to take any oils, particulate and H2O vapor from the system. The constituents are non dependable at slow velocity. Very low efficiency, less than 50 % of input power is available at the work country.

Philosophies from Aquinas, Augustine, and Irenaeus and other theologians Essay

The study of religion and philosophy is infinitely confronted with the problem of evil and its broad association to sin. In facing this debacle, there is a tendency for religion to deny the existence of evil and clearly explicate that it is a mere event in the undeveloped minds of people. Religion may also uphold that there is a competent rivalry between evil and good as evil can be considered as a rival authority, containing power equal to the divine good. It can also be derived that evil is the imperfect cooperation in the good explained under the presence of a deity deemed as omnibenevolent and omniscient. Some response concerning the evil include that debates which inculcate that the true free will cannot be established without the possibility of evil. This idea can be translated to the notion that humans are not able to understand and comprehend God, that spiritual growth and development necessisitates suffering and that evil is the impact of effect of the fallen and disrupted world. Many disciplines have attempted to provide a concrete definition of evil and sin and the proposed assumptions on the connection of evil to sin have encountered denials coming from other scholars. In this paper, multiple philosophies and valuable insights concerning the association of evil to sin will be explored. The teachings of Thomas Aquinas, Irenaeus and Augustine and of others will be discussed in order to define evil and sin, describe the relationshipof evil to sin, and to explicate the difference and the causality of sin and evil in the contemporary world. This paper’s central focus is on the inquiry: Every evil is sin, but is every sin evil? The Teachings of Thomas Aquinas on Evil and Sin The concept of evil by Thomas Aquinas and his entire miscellany of philosophy are naturally grounded upon the teachings of the St. Augustine who created a philosophical theological position on evil. Evil is an English noun that is commonly used today to describe anything that is undeniably horrendous, particularly in the aspect of human behavior. However, Thomas Aquinas says that the term evil has more inclusive sense than evil does for people. According to Aquinas, â€Å"we are dealing with evil whenever we are faced by whatever can be thought of as a case of falling short. † For Aquinas, there is no evil substance in the world and neither God nor man creates evil. In saying this Aquinas proves that the world is â€Å"created and governed by a perfectly good God who is also omnipotent and omniscient. † This teaching negates the argument of humans who say that each time some of the good stray aways from an object then it is evil. Aquinas says no this argument by declaring that no evil exists materially. Aquinas explicates that human beings are wholly good but have the tendency that some of their goodness will be removed. Aquinas strongly argues that there is a â€Å"serious sense in which it can be thought of as lacking in being. † Take for instance the thought of Adolf Hitler as wholly good. This example may raise several criticisms since Hitler has enjoyed being a household name for evil, but it is to illustrate Aquinas’s concept of evil caused by the removal of good. For Aquinas, Hitler is good- he has competent brain, his physique is complete, and he almost bares resemblance to God. But Hitler has some of his goodness removed when he tries to rule the world with tyranny. According to Aquinas, â€Å"evil ‘is there’ only in the sense that something is missing. † Aquinas continues to say that â€Å"what is not there cannot be thought of as made to be by the source of the being of things. † In this sense, Aquinas follows Augustine’s thought and says that God can never be the cause of evil because evil is not an actual thing but the â€Å"absence of a good that ought to be present. † What causes people to be bad is the gap between who they are and how they should be but are not. Aquinas points rules out his concept of evil by illustrating that there will be no badness unless there goodness yet there can be goodness without any badness. In the aspect of sin, Aquinas writes that it is not the disobedience of irrational authority, but it is a violation of well-being. According to Aquinas, heologians may describe sin as an act againts God and philosophers may signify it as opposed to reason, but it is St. Augustine who aptly defines sin. Aquinas explains that it is more accurate to define sin â€Å"as being contrary to the eternal law rather contrary to human reason, especially since the eternal law includes many things beyond the scope of reason, such as matters of faith. † Even though Aquinas is an advocate of the philosophy of Augustine, he recognizes that the Augustine sometimes talks only about will in describing sin. Aquinas explains thaat the exterior act, which is the veruy substance of the sin, is evil itsefl and thus it is necessary to include exterior acts in the definition of sin. † However, Augustine and Aquinas both agree that the sin is evil because it harms and diminishes natural good. Aquinas takes into consideration the application of the natural law. According to Aquinas, â€Å"when it is said that all sins are evil but not because they are prohibited, that prohibition is understood as an act of positive law. † Aquinas emphasizes that since the natural law comes fron the eternal law and acts of positive law are derived from the natural law, then all sins are evil. It is argued by Aquinas that evil is the privation of good and an individual can identify the extent of privation by what is left after such action. In this idea, Aquinas is stressing that â€Å"what remains of good after every sin is the same, since there remains after every sin the very nature of the soul and the freedom of choice by which humans can choose good and evil. † Aquinas tells that all sins are equal and are evil. The focal point of Aquinas in saying that all sins are evil and that all sins are equal is the only main source capable of commanding humans what they ought to be. As a theologian, Aquinas gives emphasis to God as the main source the nature and eternal and divine law. Aquinas says that â€Å"since all are the same in turning away from God, all sins are equal. † For Aquinas, every sin is evil because it is a deviation from reason and law. Aquinas describes sin as having no cause because it has the nature of evil. It has been discussed earlier that evil is the removal of goodness whats is lacking in humans as a wholly good. Aquinas emphasizes that what is missing cannot be thought of as made to be by the source of the being of things. The same goes for sins. This concept makes both sin and evil as original which thrive on will that act against reason and divine moral law. Same with evil, God can never be the source of sin. Likewise evil can never be the cause of sin. In this sense, the evil of punishment serves as the sequel to sin. He compares evil of guilt to sin and declares that they have no difference. In saying that sin has a cause, Aquinas is quick to clarify that such cause is not necessarily a cause for sin can be impeded. This musing denotes that if there should be a necessary cause for sins, then people will keep on making sins since there is a cause inherent to them that makes them commit sins. Such notion echoes the perspective of Aquinas on whether sin has an internal cause. Aquinas argues that if sin has an internal cause, then man would always be sinning and since it has a cause, there will always be an effect. Aquinas also defines sin by mentioning virtue. Aquinas says, â€Å"But sin is evil because it takes away virtue. Therefore, all sins are equally evil, since every one of them equally takes away virtue. † Aquinas thinks of sins as contrary to virtues and that all virtues are equal. Therefore, Aquinas reaffirms that all sins are equal. He also come up with the idea of malice that is the equalizer of all sins. Aquinas says that â€Å"sin has malice in relation to turning away from God. † This feature in relation to the deviation from God states that circumstances tag the malice of sins as being more serious. Aquinas adds that â€Å" if circumstances should themselves have malice, they constitute species of sin and if they should not in themselves have any malice, there is no reason why they should make the sins more serious. † On the on the hand, the diversity in sins that other arguments are pointing to is a mere presentation of morally indifferent genus. Overall, Aquinas writes that all sins are evil in a sense that they both result in being unnatural, the failure of the natural rule that man ought to observe and obey. Evil and Sin According To Augustine Many of St. Augustine’s teachings on evil substantiate Aquinas concept. They both believe that the immutable God created only good things and He alone is the source of all being. Augustine negates all forms of theological and metaphysical dualism and puts great emphasis on God who is wholly good. According to Augustine, there is no dualism existing in the problem of evil. The thought of evil as not a being, a thing, or substance or entity liberates him from the Manichaean dualism,the belief that there exists two powerful beings, the good and evil. He realizes that all the God created are metaphysically and ontologically good in their being. He proposes that if evil were a being, a thing or an entity, then the problem fo evil will not be solved because it has a source. If the evil comes from God, then God is not all good and if it does not come from God, then He is not the powerful creator of all things. Augustine says that God is a spiritual and not a corporeal being and he â€Å"rejects Manichaeism’s materialistic dualism but embraces a different dualism between corporeal and spiritual beings, with God, angels, and human soul falling into the latter class. † Upon rejecting the Manicheism and its simple concept on the origin of evil, Augustines obliges himself to establish an alternative solution to the origins of evil and starts to proclaim that evil represents a free deviation from God and is not a positive entity in its own right. All of the works of the immutable Creator of men are revelations of God’s nature and therefore, all of His works are of wholly good. Both Augustine and Aquinas believe that evil does not come from God. In his struggle concerning the confusion over evil, Augustine further says that the evil is not something that is completely real biut only fragment that is dependent on that which is absolutely real. According to Augustine, evil is not a thing or substance but he is aware of its existence and that it can be divided into three kinds. Metaphysical evil is the lack of man’s perfection not because of his given nature but because they all fall short of complete perfection that only God can obtain. This is not actually considered evil. The second kind is the physical evil that is the privation of a certain perfection because of nature. This kind is being justified by Augustine together with the other theologians as under the jurisdiction of the general order of nature. The third kind if the moral evil, the only real evil. It is a sin or an act opposed to the will of God. The source of the moral evil is the faculty of free will in which man is able to turn away from the right order and deviate himself from the will of God. Augustine says, â€Å"sin is so voluntary that there is no sin unless it is voluntary. † He implies that there needs to be an act of moral will in any sin or the consent to turn away from God and to His will. Augustine emphasizes that moral evil is truly a sin for there is a consent. Sin settles itself in the free will, option, intention, and the motion of the soul, which instigates a wrong order into the world. Evil is â€Å"nothing but a privation of good until at last a thing ceases altogether to be. † An evil will is a kind of will that deviates away from God, the creator. Moreover, Augustine says that it is a disordered love and will, the wrong conformity to God’s will. The writings of Augustine on sin are associated with his Christian definition of evil. Augustine defines sin as the movement or the deviation of will endowed to humans away from God. He furthers his discussion of sin by stating that God can never be the author of sin just as He can never be the source of evil. Such movement of the human will away from the God the Creator is also referred by Augustine as the misdirection. According to him, as there is a misdirection on evil will, there is also a misdirection in the aspect of sin. Augustine explains that â€Å"sin is therefore an error or untruth and based upon the misconception of what is good for us. † Augustine says that when people choose to sin, they must have an intention of obtaining goodness or getting rid of something bad. He suggests that sin is more than an intellectucal error, it is the â€Å"misdirection of the will. † Augustine’s musing on sin as the misdirection of human will is demonstrated in man’s pursuit of happiness or pride. Augustine notes that pride is the â€Å"an appetite for inordinate exaltation,it when the soul cuts itself from the Source to which it should keep close and somehow makes itself and becomes an end to itself. † Augustine continues that inordinate exaltation takes place when the â€Å"soul is inordinately pleased with itself, and such self-pleasing occurs when the soul falls away away from the unchangeable Good which ought to please the sould far more than the soul can please itself. † He also validates his definition of sin by saying that what the people do for the sake of goodness ends in something negative or bad , and what people do in making things good ends in just making things worse. Augustine explains this paradox by writing that â€Å"except that the happiness of man can come not from himself but only from God, and that to live according to oneself is to sin is to lose God. † This paradox explicates that sin is the possibility of man to focus on himself rather than on the all-knowing God. It is therefore suggested that, based upon the writings of Augustine, not all sins are considered evil due to the categorization of evil involving nature. Irenaeus On Evil and Sin Little is known about Irenaeus and his works are mostly generated fromScriptures and the biblical domain. The understanding of sin found in the works of Irenaeus of Lyons has some contradictions when compared to the dominant Christian perspective influenced by Augustine in the fifth century. Irenaeus of Lyons interprets Genesis as the disobedience of man with Adam acting like an impulsive child. Irenaeus thinks of sin as pains and errors which grow. He says that there is no such a things as original sin or guilt that man inherited from his forefather, Adam. It is seen that he has a different view of the man’s fall compared to the teachings of later writers particularly Augustine. This idea posits that Irenaeus thinks of of the fall of Adam and Eve is not a rebellion against God the Creator but is a concrete illlustration of the failure of man to rise to greater heights and that humanity does not lose its original perfection. His view concerning the fall of the humanity’s forefatther raises many questions as it does not seems to be based on Scripture but it is derived solely from his rational interpretation. He further suggests that the without loss of life and the presence of evils, humanity will not repent. Unlike, Aquinas and Augustine, Irenaeus imparts that evil comes from God. In this idea, it is clearly manifested that Irenaeus upholds that the appearance of evil is of righteous purpose. According to him, the elements which appear evil, like death are planned by God. He says, â€Å"it is for this reason therefore that Paul calls Adam himself the ‘pattern of the one to come’ because the Word, the artisan of the universe, had sketched out in advance, in order to prepare the ground for himself, the future plan of the human race in its relation to to the Son of God, with God first of all establishing natural man order, quite obviously, that he might be saved by spiritual man. † In the said notion, Iranaeus outlines two distinct phases. Iraneaus writes that the â€Å"creation of humanity comes first, secondly comes its perfection through the incarnation of the Son, Christ Jesus, who transmits the Spirit of the whole human race. † It is evident that the advent of Christ is the sole purpose behind the creation of Adam. It is written that Irenaeus â€Å"does not identify evil with sin. † It is because he acknowledges the two types of evil. The first type is the physical evil that Irenaeus refers to as â€Å"arising from the nature of the creature for its is due to the opposition of contrary forces or to the sequences of events that obey natural laws: what seems to be an evil in the short run is a good on the cosmic. † According to Irenaeus, the second type of evil is the moral evil that he considers as sin. He declares that this type of evil is sin because it arises from the â€Å"jealousy of Satan and or certain angels who lured Adam into transgression. † Influenced by the writings of Johannine, Irenaeus defines sin as the â€Å"condition of human existence rather than a collection of individual actions. † According to Irenaeus of Lyon, moral evil is to be considered as a sin because it reflects God’s original design that is putting man into the test. This type of evil is generally accounted for man’s free will and his ability to discern right from wrong. Irenaeus says that â€Å"God had foreseen the angel’s sin as well as that of man, including the consequences, and he had sanctioned it. † Iraneaus places sin in history and writes that the fall of man is the gradual spread of evil because of the inevitability of personal sin, not as a particular shift in the human nature. Moreover, Irenaeus has made a comparison between the natural person and the perfection of the person to describe sin. According to him,body and soul constitute a natural person while the perfect human being is made up of body, soul and spirit. The inclusion of God’s spirit is the essence of Irenaeus idea of the redemption. People have been redemeed and have been saved so that they may flourish into what God wants them to be. For Iranaeus, not all sins can be considered as evil as man is not accountable for some existing evils such as those coming from the natural disasters known as natural evils. The only evil that can be deemed as sin are the moral evils caused by the selfishness of humanity. Sin and Evil According to Other Theologians Lactantius is one of the Christian thinkers to respond to the problem of evil and sin referring solely to God’s laws. According to Lactantius, the â€Å"chief good of the humanity is not to be found in the theories of the philosophers, for these have to do things common to animals as well as humans or things not available to all humans. † He refers to the one and true God as the chief good and the things which meant to satisfy the body that perishes as not good at all. For him, pleasure, power and wealth are not good and anything and the disobedience of God’s laws are evil and sin. Reinhold Niebuhr belongs to the category of formative Christian moral theorists. He says that sin is â€Å"inevitable but not necessary. † He furthers his explannation of sin by stating that the â€Å"temptation to sin lies in the human situation itself. † Niebuhr stresses that the will and freedom endowed to man is the basis of his creativity and it is also his temptation. While Irenaeus declares that people need evil to spiritual grow, Niebuhr upholds his realist theory that people do not need sin and no perfection can completely liberate human beings from the reality of sin. Walter Rauschenbusch is included into the group of thinkers who deal with the importance of sin in salvation. According to him, â€Å"when we undertook to define the nature of sin, we accepted the old definition, that sin is selfishness and rebellion against God , but we insisted on putting humanity into the picture. † He further explains that the description of sin as selfishness will be accepted for as long as the humanity is perceived as a great solidarity with God thriving on it. He emphasizes that if sin is selfishness, then â€Å"man’s selfishness consisted in a selfish attitude, in which he was at the centre of the universe, and God and all his fellowmen were means to serve his pleasures, increase his wealth and set off his egotisms. † He also rescue the dosctrine of the origin of sin from literal interpretations by recognizing the active sources of sin in the later generations and in the contemporary period. He was criticized upon recognizing that both goodness and sinfulness can be determined by social environment. Rauschenbusch explains that what can be evil is dictated by the society and the same goes for sin. He says that the good maybe forced to do bad while the bad maybe forced to do good as dictated by the society. Conclusion In the tradition of religion and theology, the definition of sin is related to the problem on evil. The question addresed in this paper is whether sin leads to evil or evil leads to sin. The definition of evil and sin according to several theologians were explored in this paper in order to understand the relationship between evil and sin. Based from the literatures studied, it is said that the relationship between evil and sin can be associated with reconciliation, salvation, the fall of Adam and the society itself, and morality. It is clearly manifested that the connection between sin and evil can be interchangeable such that evil can lead to sin and sin can lead to evil. The interchangeable connection is due to the observed judgement that evil and sin have the same feature as the deviation from what man ought to be. In this sense, all evil can be sin but not all sins are considered evil due to the fact that sin comprises only the moral and spiritual side of the humanity. The inquiry on whether every sin is evil is answered on the definition of evil in which various theologians categorize into various theories. This paper has observed that every theologian has his or her own conception on evil and sin and it is evident that their concepts have been derived from other theologians who took insights also from other thinkers. This is to say that evil and sin can be both the same in a sense that they both have the same characteristics constructed by thinkers who draw insights from their influences. BIBLIOGRAPHY Aquinas, Thomas. â€Å"The Subject and Approach of the De Malo,† in On Evil, eds. Richard J. Regan and Brian Davies. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. Aquinas, Thomas, Summa Theologiae: Volume 25: Sin. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Lacoste, Jean-Yves, ed. Encyclopedia of Christian Theology, Vol 1. New York: Routledge, 2005. Mann,William E. â€Å"Augustine on Evil and Original Sin,† in The Cambridge Companion to Augustine, eds. Eleonore Stump and Norman Kretzmann. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Wogaman, J. Philip. Christian Ethics: A Historical Introduction. Kentucky: Westminster/John knox Press, 1993.